Societal Determinants of Health

Cultural Determinants of Health Louise Matthews Determinants of Health Guide: Liz Footsoy Presentation This article will be taking a gander at how an individual’s wellbeing is resolved inside society. Disease transmission experts who study the example of ailment, have discovered that not all gatherings have similar chances to accomplish great wellbeing (Naidoo, 2009). There are numerous components that impact a person’s wellbeing, for example, where an individual lives, the condition of nature wherein they live, business, pay, instruction levels and connections that individual has with their loved ones. Utilizing work for instance. On the off chance that an individual is in work they will get a pay, which can be utilized to subsidize food, a home and bills. Along these lines they have sanctuary, warming and a better than average possibility of a consistent sound life. In correlation if an individual is jobless they would not get a pay to subsidize food, a home and bills. This would detrimentally affect their wellbeing, truly as well as intellectually. Budgetary concerns and stress could without much of a stretch reason emotional wellness issues, for example, wretchedness and the individual would have low degrees of confidence. They are likewise in danger of living in sodden lodging which could cause long haul respiratory infection (Deaton, 2003). This article will have an inside and out gander at how pay and instruction impact the ways of life of various degrees of social class. It will at that point look how this decides the soundness of these gatherings in the public arena. Factual sources will be utilized as proof to show how death rates are affected by high and low degrees of salary and instruction in England contrasted with America. The exposition will at long last be made to a determination, utilizing all the data and factual realities found all through the composition of this bit of work. An amazing presentation †great utilization of sources. Primary Body[i1] In the 1900’s the significant reasons for death were irresistible infections, for example, Tuberculosis and Influenza yet with progresses in science and upgrades in medication, passings from these kind of illnesses have been drastically diminished. As irresistible have been dispensed with, different ailments have supplanted them as driving reasons for early demise in Western culture. In current the fundamental driver of death are known as incessant way of life related conditions, for example, ceaseless coronary illness, respiratory infection, stoutness, diabetes and certain types of disease (Mc Graw Hill, 2014). These sorts of infections are generally basic among lower financial gatherings. The way of life this gathering of society lead that causes these sort of sicknesses. Things like over the top drinking, smoking; low degrees of physical action and significant levels of pressure, sadness and terrible eating routine are for the most part factors that contribute towards sick wellbeing (Naidoo, 2009). Cardio vascular illness in England is among the most noteworthy on the planet, being the reason for death in 40% of men and 38% of ladies (Mayes, 1991). For an individual to have great wellbeing and prosperity they have to approach new products of the soil day by day so as to eat well. Customary physical movement is basic for infection avoidance and wellbeing advancement. Great wellness diminishes the danger of incessant sicknesses, for example, coronary illness. Great wellness likewise adds to the psychological prosperity of an individual, causing them to feel great about themselves and improving their confidence and expanding vitality levels. Less than 40% of grown-ups meet physical movement rules and this by and large decreases with age (Mc Graw Hill, 2014). Individuals in higher social class bunches live more and appreciate preferable wellbeing over distraught gatherings, for instance a man in an expert activity is probably going to live seven years longer than a man in an untalented or manual activity. Doubtlessly if a man was jobless the future would decrease much further (Naidoo,2009). The significant disparity in social class is riches, salary and training. Numerous financial specialists contend that preferred taught individuals live longer over less fortunate, less instructed individuals. This is on the grounds that with great training, comes great information and comprehension and stands accomplished individuals in better situations to land more generously compensated positions, bringing them great salary and riches. Which means they can bear the cost of better things throughout everyday life, similar to great new food and lodging which thus ought to stretch their future. A shifted, solid eating regimen is basic in advancing great wellbeing. An individual needs to eat to endure, food supplies vitality for development and development, Protein for muscles and dietary fiber for roughage. A low admission of dietary fiber is recommended to be the reason for some infections, for example, obstruction, entrail malignancy, coronary illness and varicose veins (Mayes, 1991).[LF3] The sort of lodging an individual lives in additionally massively affects that person’s wellbeing. On the off chance that somebody lives in a sodden free house, arranged in a territory of low contamination levels, they ought to have lesser possibility of experiencing respiratory issues than somebody who does live in soggy conditions. An individual from a lower class gathering, that must choose the option to live in moist lodging as a result of pay is in danger of sick wellbeing. With clammy lodging comes a wide range of issues for an individual’s wellbeing. It can cause respiratory issues and diseases, hypersensitivities and asthma, nature can likewise influence the insusceptible framework (NHS, 2014). More than one million youngsters in England live in terrible lodging. Poor lodging conditions increment the danger of extreme sick wellbeing or inability by up to 25% during youth and early adulthood. Respiratory issues, for example, hacking and wheezing, implies losing rest, confined physical movement and missing school. Thusly experiencing childhood in poor lodging can have a drawn out effect on a child’s life chances due with the impact it has on their learning and training, lower instructive fulfillment, more prominent probability of joblessness and neediness (Harker, 2006). It is imagined that better instructed individuals are progressively ready to comprehend and utilize wellbeing data and are better positioned to profit by the medicinal services framework. The information that the higher class individuals have taken in keeps them from participating in unsafe practices like hitting the bottle hard and smoking, similar to the lower financial, less taught individuals do.[LF4] Both instruction and pay advance wellbeing in various manners, as expressed before great training makes it simpler to utilize new wellbeing data and innovations and salary makes life simpler for the people, diminishing pressure and stress monetarily. Not stressing over kid care costs and having the option to continue loosening up family occasions, giving them a superior personal satisfaction and better condition of emotional well-being. Lessening feelings of anxiety is similarly as significant as a sound eating regimen and exercise system in decreasing the danger of incessant coronary illness and certain types of disease. Urban communities with higher normal training or higher normal pay have lower death rates (Deaton, 2003). Youngsters naturally introduced to knowledgeable, high salary families will likewise be given the most obvious opportunity at a splendid, solid future. They will understand the significance of instruction and alongside training comes power and the capacity to acquire a nice pay. This is clearly not the situation for kids naturally introduced to less instructed less fortunate families. These kids show up at adulthood with more unfortunate wellbeing and less fortunate instructive fulfillment. This has an enormous thump on impact to that individual’s capacity to procure themselves a decent pay in adulthood. These people will likewise endure elevated levels of pressure and low degrees of confidence which will negatively affect their psychological wellness and prosperity. A phenomenal conversation †very much done! End It is clear toward the finish of this report not every person is given an equivalent possibility at a sound life. Individuals don't get ceaseless ailments since they are unfortunate; they get these infections due to the way of life wherein they lead. These individuals may not decide to lead these ways of life; it tends to be a result of reasons out of their control why they are in these circumstances. Absence of training and pay would all be able to affect upon their wellbeing and way of life. Decent training is the structure square to a solid life. Instruction builds a person’s possibility of employability and capacity to adapt to numerous circumstances, permitting the individual not to get overpowered with pressure which could detrimentally affect their emotional well-being. Work gives salary and in this manner access to wellbeing advancing assets, for example, an assortment of new leafy foods, great lodging and warming. Individuals need to take training all the more significantly since the beginning to build the entire of society’s futures and to close the hole between various social classes. Clear, unequivocal end anyway it is essential to consider factors, for example, a sound harmony between nourishments, beverages and exercise. A few people who practice unreasonably when they are youthful will frequently endure sick wellbeing further down the road and so on. In general a great report †very much done! Table of Reference Mayes, A. (1991) ‘The A-Z of Nutritional Health’. London: Harper Collins Publishers. Naidoo, J., Wills, J. (2009) ‘Foundations for Health Promotion’. (third version) London: Bailliere Tindall ELSEVIER. Deaton, A. (2003) ‘Health, Income and Inequality’ [Online] Available at: http://www.TheNationalBureauofeconmicresearch.com [Accessed †twelfth May 2014] GOV.UK. (no year) ‘Can moist and form influence my health?’ [Online] Available at: http://www.nhs.co.uk [Accessed †fifth May 2014] Harker, L. (2006) ‘The effect of terrible lodging on children’s lives’ [Online] Available at: http://www.england.shelter.org.uk [Accessed †twelfth May 2014] Mc Graw Hill. (no year) ‘Lifestyle for wellbeing, wellness and wellness’. [Online] [Accessed fifth May 2014] Generally excellent scope of sources! 1 [i1]Should be conversation of discoveries [i2]Always

Should gay marriage be legalize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should gay marriage be authorize - Essay Example I bolster the sanctioning of gay relationships due to their likeness to hetero relationships, are dictated by wild organic powers, and have existed in human social orders through the course of time. Gay relationships are established on almost a similar sort of rules that support hetero relationships. These relationships show the attributes of organization, backing, and love, which are additionally major in hetero relationships. Gay relationships take after ordinary relationships and just vary because of the association of individuals of a similar sex. As indicated by the individuals who hang on this feeling, marriage should help individuals to conform to the real factors of life and appreciate the organization of one another (Baird and Stuart 50). Gay couples generally demand that they are cheerful in the organization of one another and that they would not wish or yearn for some other option. As to issue of having youngsters, supporters of gay relationships demand that kids are not e ssential to the achievement of a marriage. They fight that youngsters could be received if the gay couples truly need them in their marriage. The bonds that hold gay relationships are dictated by wild natural components. ... They battle they involve a minority bunch in the general public and must be secured by the ordinary laws that shield the privileges of the minority. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) contends that restricting or prohibiting their relationships is an encroachment on gay people’s rights and freedoms (Stockland and James 13). The general public must, consequently, figure out how to endure them and treat them as a major aspect of the social framework. Gay relationships have existed from recorded periods to the present age. They existed during the present hundreds of years and the old world suited them inside their own structures (Eskridge and Spedale 143). Their contention is that gay connections and gay relationships are a truth of life and must be obliged in any general public. As indicated by them, the antiquated world obliged gay connections on the grounds that the social orders around then could draw a line between singular rights and social real factors. They contend tha t the general public has not had any issues coming about because of gay connections. Measurements show that around 9 million Americans fall inside the class of gay, lesbian, or different directions that don't fit in with customary ethical quality (Wardle 97). Backing for the legitimization of gay relationships is on the grounds that the high measurements of gay individuals shows that their reality in the general public is a reality that can't be wished away. All things considered, their privileges must be defended and regarded by the prevailing hetero populace. In any case, the individuals who contradict the sanctioning of gay relationships contend that these relationships have the limit of disintegrating the social texture. They contend that human activities and conduct must be guided by the nature. Normally, relationships should just be permitted among people. The individuals who

Essay on Menopause

Essay on Menopause Menopause Dec 20, 2018 in Healthcare Epidemiology of Menopause Menopause is a condition that involves the cessation of a womans reproductive ability. It normally occurs in the women aged between 40 and 50. It signals the end of the womens reproductive phase. If a woman had no children, it creates a social corner in the community. During this period, the ovaries lose their function which lead to the cessation of menstrual periods. The transition from a reproductive to nonreproductive phase causes a lot of concern to the woman. However, it is a consequence of biological aging which occurs over the years. The signs and symptoms that occur after the years of menopause can disrupt their activities of daily life as well as their sense of well-being (Melby Lampl, 2011).

Innovative Products Of Supply Chain Management - 2241 Words

Innovative products in supply chain management have a very high uncertainty life span in terms of demand from consumers. Not only is the uncertainty of demand an important factor, it is also important for companies to understand how and when to share information with partners and customers along the supply chain in order to please the consumers demand, and stay two steps ahead of demand uncertainty. Innovative products also have higher cost, and they are very difficult to forecast. Although, it is not an easy process, it can very well be done. The main concern is consistent communication and hard work from Distribution Center (DC) management, Supply Chain managers and directors, operation managers, etc. Furthermore, maintaining a high-quality communication through the supply chain will improve and control logistics costs, and will definitely make the supply chain more competent. Companies that create and manufacture innovative products such as Hewlett-Packard (HP) have to deal with attacking tough supply chain management challenges on a daily basis in order to remain top competitors within their industries. Hewlett-Packard is one of the well known companies in building high tech computers and peripherals products. HP was founded in Palo Alto, California in 1939 by William Hewlett and David Packard. The company started off as an electronic testing and measurement equipment company, and then they moved on to building computers. HP has six product groups, and they areShow MoreRelatedReview on Article - What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Products1505 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product ? Article by Marshall L.Fisher INTRODUCTION †¢ Marshall L.Fisher is the Stephen J.Heyman Professor of Operations and Information Management and co-director of the Fishman-Davidson Center for Service and Operations Management at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School in Philadelphia. †¢ His current research focuses on how to manage the supply of products with hard-to –predict demand. Devising the Ideal Supply-Chain Strategy †¢ According toRead MoreRunning Head : Apple Inc.1637 Words   |  7 Pagesoffers personal communication devices and the solutions to the related software,. The products produced by Apple Inc. include; iPhone, iPad, Mac, Apple Television, iPod, software applications, the iOS and OSX operating systems, iCloud, and many different accessories and the support offerings. Apple Inc. is also a supplier of digital content and applications via the services and support offerings. The products sell across the globe through the retail stores, the online stores, and direct salesRead MoreReview on Article - What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Products1512 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product ? Article by Marshall L.Fisher INTRODUCTION †¢ Marshall L.Fisher is the Stephen J.Heyman Professor of Operations and Information Management and co-director of the Fishman-Davidson Center for Service and Operations Management at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School in Philadelphia. †¢ His current research focuses on how to manage the supply of products with hard-to –predict demand. Devising the Ideal Supply-Chain Strategy †¢ AccordingRead MoreApple s Supply Chain Management1261 Words   |  6 PagesApple supply chain management is based on its ability to quickly adapt to change. Apple strong supply chain leads the company to have a competitive advantage over its competitors. Apple is very fast to deliver products with high demand. Apple is considered one of the highest and best performing supply chain around the world. This report was written to learn best practices of Apple Supply Chain and apply them to Walmart 32nd St. I discovered that Apple’s supply chain is very simple and efficient.Read MoreEssay on Supply Chain Management at Regal Marine673 Words   |  3 PagesSUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AT REGAL MARINE Global firms like Regal Marine know that the basis for an organizations existence is the good or service it provides society. Great products are the keys to success. With hundreds of competitors in the boat business, Regal Marine must work to differentiate itself from the flock. As you read in the Global Company Profile that opened this chapter of your text, Regal continuously introduces innovative, high-quality new boats. Its differentiation strategy isRead MoreEssay about E-Business And The Supply Chain1731 Words   |  7 Pagesand the Supply Chain Competition, global and domestic, shortened product life cycles, and todays economic conditions provide ongoing challenges for distributors of goods and services. Organizations that remain tied to the conventional supply chain processes find the increasing demands made by major consumers to be a trial because of the inaccuracies associated with forecasting the purchasing habits of those same customers. While distributors endeavor to enter into value-added supply-chain servicesRead MoreSupply Chain Mgt of Pepsi1340 Words   |  6 PagesSupply Chain Management of PepsiCo ------------------------------------------------- Case Details: | Case Code | : | OPER102 | Case Length | : | 14 pages | Period | : | 2005-2011 | Organization | : | PepsiCo. | Pub Date | : | 2012 | Teaching Note | : | Not Available | Countries | : | US; Global | Industry | : | Food and Beverages | ------------------------------------------------- Abstract: In 2010, PepsiCo Beverage Company (PBC), an operating unit of PepsiCo Inc. (PepsiCo)Read MoreFood And Beverage Industry : Supply Chain Management1123 Words   |  5 Pagesindustries in the world. Recognizing that supply chain management is a core strategy and achieving world class performance in this strategy by developing and managing supply chains that provide flexibility, response time and delivery performance that exceed the competition is a key to survival in the food and beverage industry. The largest production sectors of food industry are brewing, milling, baking, confectionery, animal and vegetable oils, sugar, dairy products, fruits and vegetables, soft drinksRead MoreFive Forces Model Framework Developed by Professor Michael, E. Porter1316 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategies, plans, or making investment decisions about a business† Porter’s reputable five forces model are useful framework to GE Oilamp;Gas and Energy business operations to determine its competitive power in situations as follow; 1. Threat of Product Substitution: GE operates an aftersales market services to all its customers globally from our Global Sales amp; Services segments on framework agreements and contractual services agreements basis. The essence of this agreements, are because GE beenRead MoreEssay on Supply Chain Management686 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Supply chain management is the flow of goods, services, and information from the initial sources of materials and services to the delivery of products and activities occur in the same organization or in other organizations†(Horngren695). This approach enables Regal Marine (R.M) to be highly effective, efficient, and profitable. More over supply chain management effectively manage your supply chain by synchronizing the demand for your products with your production capabilities, optimizing your resource

Strategic Development And Implementation Of Alibaba Group...

Strategic Development and Implementation Strategic Profile Mohammed Ali MBA 6999 May 03, 2016 Dr. Roundtree South University Alibaba Group Alibaba Group’s mission is to facilitate business everywhere. The firm is the leading mobile and online business firms in the universe with regards to gross products quantity. Established in 1999, the firms offers the basic marketing reach and technology infrastructure to assist companies leverage the Internet’s power to create a presence online and conduct business with numerous clients and other enterprises (Alibaba Group, 2015). Alibaba Group s major businesses include (Alibaba Group, 2015): †¢ Taobao Market (www.taobao.com), China s leading online shopping destination ï  ¶ Tmall.com (www.tmall.com), China s leading third-party B2C platform for retailers and brands †¢ Juhuasuan (www.juhuasuan.com), China s renowned online group ordering marketplace †¢ Alitrip (www.alitrip.com), a top online travel service program †¢ Ali Express (www.aliexpress.com), an international online marketplace for customers to purchase directly from China ï  ¶ Alibaba.com (www.alibaba.com), China’s leading universal online, wholesale B2B (small business) platform; †¢ 1688.com (www.1688.com), top online wholesale B2B market in China †¢ Aliyun (www.aliyun.com), a cloud computing services provider to entrepreneurs and businesses Transnational Business Strategy International business strategy infers policies that lead business transactions transpiring betweenShow MoreRelatedDiversification A New Market Development Strategy1562 Words   |  7 Pages  Leiding Wang, Xinran Xie, Kejia Pan MGT 4073—Strategic Management Professor: Dr. Jim Senese/Ralph W. Jackson April 21, 2015 Diversification-a New Market Development Strategy Alibaba With the rapid development of technology innovation and products refreshment, products diversification, as a smart strategy, springs up all over the world. Diversification strategy proves to be more and more important in the world economy and marketing. To fit the time sand trends, many Chinese enterprises have paidRead MoreEssay on Alibaba Business Model1949 Words   |  8 PagesAlibaba e-commerce mode of study Abstract: Alibaba has experienced eight years of comprehensive development the establishment of a unique business model, and a new interpretation of e-commerce, launched a new Internet business model - Alibaba model. This new network business model not only for manufacturers to reduce production and marketing costs, but also to Alibaba cleverly avoided because of distribution, logistics and inventory, such as forming a bottleneck for the continued developmentRead MoreStrategy Formulation And Implementation Of The Internet Industry1624 Words   |  7 PagesXi Liu Strategy Formulation and Implementation December 7, 2015 Tencent Executive Summary As the largest Internet service portal and most used social media in China, Tencenet has achieved lots of applauds from China. Now, Tencent does not only contain instant message, Tencent QQ, which is knowable for, but also includes other entertainment service, such as Qzone, QQ music, WeChat and online game platform. As the recent years development, Tencent seems to become one of the most powerful InternetRead MoreCase Study Alibaba, Com1272 Words   |  6 Pagesefficient mechanism for evaluating the trustworthiness of trading partners. Alibaba.com’s Strategic and Functional Operations To eliminate the cons, first, Alibaba.com tried to increase the size of its marketplaces through the expansion of its user base and active listings. Second, Alibaba.com planned to enhance community experiences to further improve user loyalty and activity through continued development and introduction of new features and tools. Third, Alibaba.com was keen to monetize itsRead MoreImpact Of Big Data Technology On The Field Of Accounting And Management Essay2087 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract: Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is considered as an important system to measure the performance, however, it suffers from some difficulties, particularly in the implementation phase, which may reduce its benefits. This paper aims to review the literature to have evidence about BSC model implementation challenges also review literature related to Big Data technology applications in the field of accounting and management so I conclude that Big Data technology can strongly contribute toRead MoreA Study on Alipay Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesA Study on Alipay 1.0 Introduction Alipay, launched by Alibaba Small and Micro Financial Services Group in December 2004, is now one of the leading third-party online payment platforms in China (Wikipedia, 2014). Linkedin (2014) shows that Alipay offers online payment solutions to help the retailers to sell directly to consumers in China and provides an easy and secure way for in individuals and businesses to make and receive payments through the internet and the mobile phones. According to OnbileTMRead MoreInternational Business Strategy for Apple3716 Words   |  15 Pagesare giants in technology industry. These two companies provide innovate products or service and have unique organizational structure and culture. Under the increasing pressure of cost reduction and local responsiveness caused by globalization development, both Google and Apple are transforming into transnational organizations. This report will critically evaluate the comparative transnational effectiveness of Google and Apple in terms of motivation means and mentalities, layers of competitivenessRead MoreExport Import Strategies4074 Words   |  17 Pagesthan foreign direct investment, but while exporting offers less control over the marketing function, importing offers less control over the production function. This chapter will focus primarily on the issue of a company’s motivations for and development of an export strategy (Figure 13.1). II. EXPORT STRATEGY A firm’s choice of entry mode depends on various factors, such as the ownership advantages of the firm, the location advantages of the market and the internalization advantages ofRead MoreWhat Is A Router? And Why Is It Important For The Internet?1943 Words   |  8 Pagescoordination and integration and cut across levels and functional areas of firms. ERP applications are business process management softwares that integrates many business functions including technology, HR, Sales and Marketing, Product planning and development, inventory management, manufacturing and production, finance and accounting. Final Exam – MG 6503 MIS Nitya Kotharu- nnk248 Enterprise Resource Planning System or simply ERP system are based on a collection of integrated software modules and aRead MoreAn Interesting Software Design Technique1923 Words   |  8 Pagesconcepts, like entities, value objects and aggregate root rules to support the implementation. Sometimes these technical rules are perceived as hard barriers implementing the DDD, but at the end, people tend to forget that the important part is to organize code artifacts in alignment with business problems and using the same common, ubiquitous language. Domain modeling helps to identify and separate tangled implementations, if you are lucky to have a domain model to guide you. If you don t already

Music of the 1950s Free Essays

Kayla Curlett Period 5 Music of the 1950’s Rock ‘n’ Roll, Pop, RB, and Swing are some of the popular genres of music during the decade of the 1950’s. Music during this time period had a major influence on the people. It influenced their clothes, hair, fashion, dance moves, and their independence. We will write a custom essay sample on Music of the 1950s or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many teenagers during this time used the slogan â€Å"Sex, drugs and Rock ‘n’ Roll. † Some famous artists included Elvis Presley, Ricky Nelson, Fats Domino and Pat Boone. One of the biggest hits about the decade was Don McLean’s â€Å"The Day the Music Died. † Classic Pop dominated the charts for the first half of the decade. Classic Pop often used orchestras to back up the vocalists. Pop music often included elements from other styles like urban, dance, rock and much more. However these elements defined pop music. These songs had repeated choruses and catchy hooks. Electric guitars, drums and bass were some of the main instruments used in these songs. Despite the racial problems during the time, there was a sense of equality in Rock ‘n’ Roll. Chuck Berry was one of the first black Rock ‘n’ Roll performer that appealed to both audiences. He combined the sound of Rhythm and Blues with Rock ‘n’ Roll. The movie, â€Å"Blackboard Jungle,† gave Rock ‘n’ Roll a huge audience when Bill Haley and the Comets performed â€Å"Rock Around the Clock. † Bill Haley and the Comets practically became famous overnight. Elvis Presley was the king of Rock ‘n’ Roll. He was said to have the greatest impact on early Rock ‘n’ Roll. For Elvis Presley, 1956 was a year like no other. In January he became a regional sensation but by the end of the year he had become a national prodigy. His first two albums were million dollar sellers which included top songs like â€Å"Hound Dog,† â€Å"Love Me Tender,† â€Å"Don’t be Cruel† and â€Å"Heartbreak Hotel. † He appeared on national television eleven times and appeared in his first movie called â€Å"Love Me Tender. † Elvis Presley had a unique style that was either loved or hated. He became a cultural icon especially to teenagers. In March of 1958, Elvis was inducted into the army for two years; however, the Memphis Draft Board postponed his leaving so he could finish filming his fourth movie, â€Å"King Creole. Elvis’s famous ducktail hair, crazy dance moves, and popular music make him the legacy that he is today. Another popular Rock ‘n’ Roll artist of the 1950’s was Buddy Holly. He was described as â€Å"the single and most influential creative force in early Rock ‘n’ Roll. † His signature style was his wayfarer glasses. Buddy was first inspired by Elvis Presley but as Buddy became famous his popularity rivaled Elvis Presley’s. In 1952 he recorded the song â€Å"I’ll just pretend† with Bob Montgomery. Later on he formed his own band, â€Å"The Crickets. † In 1958, Buddy decided to open up his own recording studio called Prism Records. He earned a huge amount of success in such little time; unfortunately On February 3rd, 1959 he died in a plane crash along with two other Rock ‘n’ Roll legends Ritchie Valens and J. P. â€Å"The Big Bopper† Richardson. This was considered the first and greatest tragedy that rock ‘n’ roll has ever suffered. It later became known as â€Å"The Day the Music Died,† in Don McLean’s song â€Å"American Pie. † The single â€Å"American Pie† was a number one U. S. hit for four weeks. Although the lyrics to this song may be puzzling, they have a significant meaning. Each verse represents important events that took place during the 1950’s. In the lyrics, â€Å"That music used to make me smile,† represents the happiness and optimism of the 1950’s in America. Buddy Holly was McLean’s idol and when Holly died the day the music died became the day innocence and optimism died. American pie and Chevrolet are both references to the 1950’s in America. American pie was a common symbol or an American icon used during that time. A Chevrolet was one of the most common cars during the 50’s. The verses â€Å"If the Bible tells you so, do you believe in rock ‘n’ roll, can music save your mortal soul† represent how America was shifting from faith in God to faith in music. â€Å"And while the King was looking down, the jester stole his thorny crown,† this represents how Bob Dylan stole Elvis Presley’s fame and became the number one musician in the hearts’ of the fans. And the three men I admire the most, the Father Son and Holy Ghost,† McLean is referring to the Father Son and Holy Ghost as Buddy Holly, Richie Valens and the Big Bopper. â€Å"They caught the last train for the coast, the day the music died,† here McLean is referring to the plane crash that killed three amazing musicians of the 1950’s. Some may say that music has no significance to an era, but it does. It i s what shapes a culture and the people during a time period. It changes people’s thoughts, style, and actions. Even music from past decades has a significant impact on our society today. Elvis, Pat Boone, and Ricky Nelson were all popular back in their time, yet they are still widely known in the present. With the downturn of quality of music today, there has been an increase in preservation of keeping old school music popular, in hopes to re-shape the minds of young people in our society. It is widely believed that music is a reflection of society and the people in it, and for that reason, positive and inspirational music of the 50s must be introduced to the young ears of society for decades to come. How to cite Music of the 1950s, Essay examples

Sustainable Financial Management Investments

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Financial Management Investments. Answer: Introduction Financial statements are reports that represent the financial health, results, and cash flows of an organization. The statements are crucial for the business because they determine the companys ability to generate cash besides the sources and uses of the cash generated (Braun, 2012). Financial statements are also useful to the organization because they show the performance and commitment of the company with respect to paying back its debts. Financial statements are also useful in the investigation of various practices and transactions conducted by the business. From the financial statements, it is possible to derive ratios that help to determine the companys health. Such ratios include but are not limited to profitability ratios such as gross profit margin, return on assets, and return on equity (Braun, 2012); liquidity ratios such as the quick ratio, current ratio, working capital, and the acid test ratio (Brooks Mukherjee, 2013); management efficiency ratios such as accounts receivable turnover, asset turnover, inventory turnover, and the days sales in inventory (Brigham Houston, 2012). These ratios measure the different operations and results of a company that can help to determine the financial health of the company. This paper describes various aspects of a financial statement and the rationale and criticism behind the processes used to prepare the statements. Accounting Concepts Financial statements report the financial activities of the company (Gibson, 2012). The statements represent the strength of the company, its performance, and liquidity. The basic contents of a financial statement include a balance sheet or a statement of financial position, a profit and loss statement also known as an income statement, and a statement of cash flow (Brooks Mukherjee, 2013). The statement of financial position represents the companys financial position for a given time, usually a fiscal year or quarterly. This statement is comprised of the assets owned and controlled by the business, the liabilities, which the business owes to others, and the equity, which the business owes its owners (Gibson, 2012). The statement of income has the income of the business over a period and the expenses incurred over the given period. The statement of cash flow, on the other hand, reports how the business has moved cash and its bank balances over a period. The statement of income shows the profitability if the company during a period (Shim Siegel, 2012). It can be prepared quarterly or annually. This statement may be presented in its entirety or be combined with other comprehensive income information the company may have. If combined with other comprehensive income, it forms a statement of comprehensive income (Gibson, 2012). The income statement is presented in a manner that provides full details about the earnings of the company to the investors and shareholders alike. This also involves presenting the information in a way that details the nature of the expenses (Noreen, Brewer, Garrison, 2013). The Qantas statement of income found on page 52 of the companys annual report follows a similar pattern. The format follows that of presenting the revenue first followed by the tax expense and the post-tax profit or loss realized by the company. The companys post tax loss or profit from discontinued operations is preceded by the net profit or loss results. To maintain relevance, the expenses incurred by the company are recorded by function. The representation of the expenses by their nature as it is case for Qantas implies that these expenses cannot be allocated among the various segments of the business. The company also included a statement of comprehensive income on page 53 of its report. The comprehensive income takes into account how factors such as currency translations adjustments, unrealized gains or losses on investments, and pension liability adjustments, affect the income or loss of the company (Hitchner, 2011). These figures are indicative of a volatile market or economic events but over time, they tend to even out. Asset valuation is another term mentioned in the passage. Asset valuation refers to the process of gauging the value of the company, its property, and any other value items the company controls (Bolton, 2015). The assets can include buildings, stocks, equipment, bonds, goodwill, brands, and labour. The assets reported in the Qantas annual report include cash and cash equivalents, inventories, receivables, intangible assets, property and equipment, and deferred tax assets. Asset valuation is done by assessing the book value of assets and their market value (Fabozzi Peterson, 2013). The former valuation is lower because the assets are reported by their historical cost. An asset is valued by comparing it to other similar assets and its cash potential. Cost of acquisition, replacement cost, and the accumulated depreciation values are used in valuation of assets. Accrual accounting measures the financial performance of the company and its position by taking into account economic events regardless of whether cash transactions are conducted or not (Essayyad, 2015). The current inflows or outflows of cash in the company are combined with the cash flows expected in future. The method presents an accurate understanding of the companys current financial health and is in no way related to cash accounting that only records transactions after cash has been exchanged. Terms such as accounts receivables as seen in the Qantas annual report indicate that the company uses accrual accounting. Problems of Measurement in Relation to present AASB/IASB Standards and Conceptual Framework The Conceptual Framework describes why financial statements are prepared and reported. These statements provide important information for interested investors, creditors, lenders and shareholders of the company to guide them when investing into the company. Thus, the Framework defines what is useful enough to merit being recorded in the financial statement to make a difference in the decisions investors, creditors, and other interested parties may consider (Benston, 2007). The usefulness of the information should also be improved by making understandable and timely comparisons and verifications. The Conceptual Framework sets out the various concepts that determine the preparation and presentation of financial statements (Benston, 2007). Thus, the Framework assists IASB in identifying the concepts to be used when developing and revising the standards of financial reporting. However, the current framework has a few problems that make financial reporting difficult. Some sections of the Framework are unclear, while others are not covered and outdated. The existing Framework does not have clear guidance on a number of areas. For example, the framework does not give clear definitions to assets and liabilities. The definitions provided in the framework do not focus on the economic resources and obligations but instead focus on the inflows and outflows of economic benefits generated by the economic resources controlled by the company (Mard, Hitchner, Hyden, 2007). For example, on the balance sheet some current and non-current liabilities that bear interest are only reported in connection to specific financing of the engines and aircrafts for the respective aircrafts. Consequently, the company reported other non-cash financing activities in addition to plant, property and equipment under finance leases of $32 million. The Conceptual Framework does not provide guidance on the measurement, presentation, and disclosure or how a reporting entity can be identified. The single basis of measurement for an asset and liability does not provide useful details to the reader of the statement (Hitchner, 2011). Consequently, the measurements do not include the amounts that can be added meaningfully, or subtracted or compared. The economic significance of the measurements, both individually and collectively are not covered. With regard to presentation and disclosure, presenting relevant information is a challenge because the Framework champions documentation of accounting constructs used by the company without defining the disclosures that can directly and efficiently relate to the primary objective of financial reporting (Bolton, 2015). The current reporting standards (IFRSs) measure different assets at various historical costs such as is the case for some property, plant and equipment items; fair value such as investment properties, and the fair value directly attributable to the transaction costs (Neuhausen, Schlank, Pippin, 2007). Such measurements do not clarify if the historical or current prices are used or if the cash flows estimated belong to the company or other market participants. There is thus a need to have a single conceptual measurement framework that provides guidance on the development of consistent requirements of measurement. Relevance of Using Processes of Measurement in Faithful Reporting of Estimates of Costs Accounting is largely responsible for providing a user of a financial report in making an informed choice about a certain financial decision. Financial reporting and accounting is however, limited in some respects and these have brought about the debate on faithfulness of the various methods used to estimate the costs and liabilities recorded in the financial statements. The use of different accounting principles to prepare financial statements helps to present accurate circumstances of the entity. These different frameworks and policies afford an entity with the flexibility to present reliable information about the companys financial health (Zhang Andrew, 2014). However, the use of different frameworks in reporting financial performance can present a challenge when it comes to comparing the results with other players in the industry (Whittington, 2008). This is particularly true if the entities under comparison are found in different geographical localities but ply the same industry. Estimates, in this case cannot provide a closer comparison because the policies used to prepare the statements differ. The AASB and IASB underline the importance of producing high-quality reports. However, it is difficult to do so because entities are yet to fully grasp how to operationalize and measure the quality demanded from them. Using estimates to prepare financial statements is a common practice. However, the estimates are inherently subjective and thus do not have the accuracy needed because they depend on the managements foresight in approving the values included in the statements (Hitchner, 2011). The use of fair value to estimate the value of assets and liabilities is a common practice and is also evidenced in the annual report from Qantas. According to the IFRS, fair value standard defines fair value as the price attained when an asset is sold or paid to transfer a liability between participants at the date of measurement (Benston, 2007). The orderly transaction in this case is the asset or liability that has been exposed to the market before a fair value measurement to allow other activities (Wells, 2011). An entity can thus measure fair value with the assumption that market participants will act in their best interest economically (Bolton, 2015). The fair value can be derived from internally generated input determinants such as the expected net cash flows of an asset (Bolton, 2015). It can also be measured from the fair value found on the date of the balance sheet date as a product of the quoted price and the held quantity (Gibson, 2012). Low levels of faithful representation can affect the relevance of the value of the asset or liability. The low level may be caused by a low return in the stock, usually about less than 3% in a year. The fair value of the assets at Qantas such as cash and cash equivalents, non-interest bearing financial assets and liabilities were approximated by their carrying value because they have short maturity (Hitchner, 2011). The estimation process utilized their present value of future contracted cash flows. Future estimates were thus used for these financial assets and the report also cites AASB 9 Note 29(E) in the representation of the fair value of other financial assets and liabilities (Benston, 2007). The use of internal variables in the measurement of the value of the assets and liabilities adds to the debate on value estimation and valuation. Some have discouraged the measurement of fair value at successive balance sheet dates because the fair value changes should not be added to the net income (Fabozzi Peterson, 2013). However, such measurements of the assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates do not necessarily necessitate reporting the values in the net income. This is so because some items such as effects of the error corrections and changes in methods of accounting are not measured at fair value but can be included in the income statement. Conclusion Financial statements are crucial reports used by investors, creditors, and shareholders of a business to assess the financial health of the company. Through these statements the profitability, managerial competence, and liquidity of the company can be assessed. Aspect such ass asset valuation and faithful reporting of the value of the assets and liabilities of the company have been subject to much debate that hassled some to discredit the importance of preparing financial statements. One reason for this is how the firms estimate the cost of their assets and liabilities and when the valuation takes place. However, what is clear is that the firms such as the one discussed in this report, adhere to the standards and framework set out in the AASB/IASB and the Conceptual Framework in reporting their financial results. An entity reports and audits its financial performance and presents the results to the users of the report in a manner that will help them make informed decisions on whether to invest in the business or not. The different ways in the companies report their results in accordance with the set guidelines and rules should not be a basis of discrediting the statements. References Benston, G. J. (2007). The FASB's Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting: A Critical Analysis. Accounting Horizons, 21(2), 229-238. Bolton, B. (2015). Sustainable financial management investments: Maximizing corporate profits and long-term economic value creation. New York: Palgrave, Macmillan. Braun, K. W. (2012). Managerial accounting. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall. Brigham, E. F., Houston, J. F. (2012). Fundamentals of financial management. Ohio: Cengage Learning. Brooks, R., Mukherjee, A. K. (2013). Financial Management: Core concepts. Pearson. Essayyad, M. (2015). Essentials of financial management. Research Education Association. Fabozzi, F. J., Peterson, P. (2013). France: Capital markets, financial management, and investment management. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Gibson, C. (2012). Financial reporting and analysis. Cengage Learning. Hitchner, J. R. (2011). Financial Valuation: Applications and Models (3rd Edition ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Mard, M. J., Hitchner, J. R., Hyden, S. D. (2007). Valuation for Financial Reporting?: Fair Value Measurements and Reporting, Intangible Assets, Goodwill and Impairment. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Neuhausen, B. S., Schlank, R., Pippin, R. G. (2007). CCH Accounting for Business Combinations, Goodwill, and Other Intangible Assets. Chicago: CCH. Noreen, E., Brewer, P., Garrison, R. (2013). Managerial accounting for managers. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Shim, J. K., Siegel, J. S. (2012). Managerial accounting. New York; London: Schaum, McGraw-Hill. Wells, M. J. (2011). Framework-based Approach to Teaching Principle-based Accounting Standards. Accounting Education, 20(4), 303-316. Whittington, G. (2008). Fair Value and the IASB/FASB Conceptual Framework Project: An Alternative View. Abacus: A Journal of ccouning, Finance and Business Studies , 44(2), 139-168. Zhang, Y., Andrew, J. (2014). Financialisation and the Conceptual Framework. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(1), 17-26.

Baron Friedrich von Steuben essays

Baron Friedrich von Steuben essays von steuben was born in magdeburg, germany in 1730. he attended jesult schools in bresaiu. he entered the prussian army's officer corps, and served in the seven years war. he then joined fredrick the greats military staff. he next was appointed chamberlain to the prussian court of hohenzollern hechingen. in 1777, von went to parns to meet america's foreign commissioners, benjamin franklin and silas deane offered them his, military services.who was impressedby von stuebons title, immediately sent him to gearge washingtons at valley forge he crossed the atlantic ocean from germany to drill george washingtons (soldiers) troops. von faught the american militia. many eupopean military formations and other war stralegies. ina few days washington saw a great difference in the cordination, awareness and knowledged of his soldiers arrived in plymouth n.h in 1778 to aid these americans in a fight for independence w.c.a. although he spoke no enlish, he systematically trained the amature, americ an troops in military discipline and battle readiness. the rigorous training saved the troops from complete defeat during the battle of mamouth. in 1779 von prepared his book "regulations of order and discipline for troops of the u.s" which remained americas official military manual for over 3 decades.it is still being used today in the military system today. later in the war, von commanded the war supply center and faught at yorktown. afterword, washington employed him in avarety of duties, from the creation of a plan to demobilize the wartime army to the acceptance of britian's surendered canadian forts. von also helped to found the society of cincinnati, and then resigned his american commision in 1784, after the war the new york legislature granted von an estate. he recieved a small pension from the u.s government, but relied on friends like alexander hamilton to settle his mounting dates. von died on november 28, 794. he was burried in new york in steu...

Research Paper on Maritime Technology

Research Paper on Maritime Technology Research Paper on Maritime Technology Research Paper on Maritime Technology and Environmental Regulations 1-0: Introduction Two vessels collided on august 1990 near Gibraltar in Spain resulting in a sea disaster and oil spill. Sea Spirit along with the Norwegian gas tanker collided head on causing a spill of about 8000Tons of oil. Oil contamination in the marine spread far, even reaching the Moroccan coast in form of cakes, tar balls, and oil packs. Similar to this disaster is the major oil spill that occurred on July in 1979 near Trinidad and Tobago caused by the Atlantic Empress. The spill allegedly resulted in the largest oil spill of 287,000Metric tons of oil ever to be recorded. The disaster was never totally remedied since during pull away from the scene, the tanker continued to spill an additional substantial amount of oil. Conversely, the Aegean Captain also leaked large amount of oil. Some moments later on, Atlantic Empress sank deeply with its cargo remaining solidified. However, the spill from the two ships never reached the shores of the ocean. 2-0: Similarities 2-1: Similarities in environmental effects In terms of ecological contamination, Both Sea Spirit and Atlantic Empress caused major impacts on sea animal and plant life. Sea birds became highly affected dipping the insulating capacity among such animals. Birds became highly vulnerable to temperature changes and less buoyant in water. The two oil spills contributed to huge impairments and disabilities related to flight in aquatic birds (Horn and Neal 2006, para 3). In fact, species found it hard to escape from predators. Research shows that the spillage especially from the Atlantic Empress led to the ingestion of oil by birds and covering on their feathers. This caused kidney damage, digestive system problems, as well as liver functionality among the victimized animals. The two disasters also attracted scientists who wanted to explore the far-reaching effects of oil spill on both human and marine life. Marine scientist realized that the disasters caused metabolic problems and dehydration to birds of the sea. Sea animals with a lot of fur were also affected in related ways as well. Sea spirit oil spill and Atlantic Empress oil disaster caused massive deaths of animals, fish, and birds. 2-2: Global reaction The two incidents caused severe damaging effects on archaeological, highs include shorelines, ports, marine sanctuaries, and natural reserves. Immense losses were also realized in connection to these effects. Tourist and recreational activities were in jeopardy as the major hospitality operations became seriously affected. The two oil spills also share similarity in the manner as evidenced by way of world’s response to the resulting disastrous effects. Many governments raised environmental concerns and documented procedures to curtail the disaster. For instance, in the case of Atlantic Empress, the U.S government played a paramount role in guaranteeing that the disaster was duly controlled to avoid further loss of life on the vulnerable sea creatures. Similarly, in 1990 during the Sea Spirit disaster, the government of Spain became responsible for the spillage and undertook measures to ensure that no more environmental issues were coming up as a result of the spillage (Horn and Neal 2006, para 3). Again, the two accidents resulted in the enactment of strict laws governing oil transportation in the sea. For example, during the case of the Atlantic Empress, the U.S government implemented laws to ensure that any ship transporting oil across the sea or ocean must be fully insured. The cover is intended to cover expenses and environmental losses associated with oil spill. Nation states affected by the two oil spills reacted with some degree of apprehension especially on matters of environment. For example, the Atlantic Empress oil spill caused uproar among the affected countries. Both oil spills reached the shoreline of countries that raised an alarm regarding the matter of clean up, avoidance as well as control on the same. 2-3: Clean up strategies Measures employed by the two incidents to clean up the mess were similar. Both incidents used Vacuum and centrifuge process whereby oil is sucked up plus water. Then there is the utilization of appropriate centrifuge to separate water from oil. This technique allows the ship to be virtually filled by pure oil. In this case, water returns to the sea. This process was particularly used in the oil spill of 1979 and equally applied in the Sea Spirit oil spill disaster in early1990. However, there is extremely small quantity of oil that spilt back to the sea. This crisis has restricted the use of centrifuges because U.S regime has prohibited oil by volume that is usually returned to the sea with water. Booms were also used in both incidents to clean up the oil spill. Booms are big floating obstacles that prevent oil by rounding up the oil and separating it from water. Skimmers that skim the oil were also utilized in separating all oils from water in the Atlantic Empress and Sea Spirit inc idents (ITOPFL 2010, para 2). Using of biological agents that break down oil into biodegradable composites has been used expansively in major oil spill. Experts insinuated this as the single safe and most importantly effective approach that is likely to eradicate a considerable amount of oil without posing any dangerous effects to animal, fish, or any aquatic and bird life. For instance, Bioremediation was a widespread attribute in the two accidents. It entails the employment of hydrophobic substance that has no bacteria. The compound binds chemically and physically on soluble hydrocarbon compounds. The Bioremediation compound acts as a herding substance inside, and most importantly on water surface. This results in floating elements on the surface of water plus the soluble substances like phenols which form a gel-like substance. Spraying the oil spill with the compound eliminates the oil molecules in a very short time. Specific bacteria dissolve hydrocarbons into carbon-dioxide and water. Another approach that w as used to contain the spill is control burning. Control burning is typically applied during low windy day as it may spread to other areas causing more damage during windy seasons. The two disasters also forced the experts to use vacuum in eliminating oil from water surfaces and equally in the beaches (ITOPF 2010, para 4). 2-4: Prevention Another striking likeness between the resulting two disasters is the manner in which offshore oil spill was prevented and addressed. Technological evaluation and procedures were employed to guarantee that all strategies as well as measures during training, monitoring, and reliable plans for avoidance and offshore control were met. In the two accidents, response involved technological monitoring of devices along with methods of cleaning up the spill. Other measures included detection, control, averting, as well as restoration of the habitats and natural environments (ITOPF 2010, para 6). In reaction to Atlantic Empress oil spill, the U.S. government used blow out preventer for well drilling. The equipment is effectively employed in offshore wells and contains a bundle of independently operated cutoff processes, thus there is redundancy if any failure occurs. The device is suitable for deep eater horizon. Another prevention mechanism that was seen in the 1990 Sea Spirit accident is the use of the Casing device. This is usually a set of nested metal pipes made of steel and embedded on the ship walls. Both split ends of the apparatus are suspended by a thin adapter in lower end of the casing. If the sole casing or at times the cement fails to work, the oil will continue spilling (ITOPF 2010, para 6). 3-0: Differences 3-1: Volume of spill A remarkable disparity between the two catastrophes is evidenced by the resulting volume of spill. For example, Atlantic Empress resulted in a spill of about 280,000Tons while Sea Spirit reporting enormous 8,000Tons of oil. This further does indicate that the sizes of the two vessels or tankers also varied greatly. Atlantic Empress spilled oil twice in the process of being removed from the sea while the Sea Spirit spilled oil only once. This also translates into a difference in the area covered by the spill. Apparently, the Atlantic Empress oil spill led to the coverage of a huge area while the Sea Spirit just covered a relatively small area. Additionally, the number of all affected species was proportional to the spill. Because the Atlantic Empress oil spill was very huge, it means that the number of species affected was also large (Egawhary 2011, para 2). 3-2: Effects on tourism activities Atlantic Empress accident had major effects on leisure activities such as tourism. Most of the shores that were used by tourists as areas of recreation became highly polluted and inaccessible due to oil spill. Notwithstanding the attempt by the then regime to control the spread or reach of the alleged spill, the losses incurred were very huge and had enormous negative significance on the economy. Converse to this, the latter catastrophe that occurred in year 1990 had minimal effects on recreational activities because the spread was easily controlled. Ease of control is related to the quantity of the entire spill. It is perceptible that the first spill that happened in 1979 was larger than the one that happened in 1990. Consequently, this is the rationale why the economic effects in terms of tourism became great in the first accident (Fleming 2010, p.23). 3-3: Clean up expenses The practice of clearing out was very pricey with outcome of the twin catastrophes resulting to immense impacts on the budgets of the responsible countries. For example, the Atlantic express incident resulted in the loss of millions in U.S. dollars in mitigating the resulting effects. Alternatively, the little quantity of oil that spilled in year 1990 by Sea Spirit consumed less money. This disparity is connected to the alleged volume of the tanker and the consignment in it. The personnel employed to clear-out the spill also showed a remarkable difference. It is obvious that Atlantic Empress employed more people and certified environmentalist to clean up the entire spill, whilst executing other logistical matters (Fleming 2010, p.23). 3-4: Shoreline effects Shoreline effects of the two accidents also differed greatly. This is primarily premised on the degree in ease on cleanup procedures for the entire oil spill. The bigger the spill, the larger the shoreline affected and the opposite is also true. The spill that resulted from the Atlantic Empress affected a larger part of the entire seashore and also persisted for an extended duration compared to the effects caused by Sea Spirit. Also, the sensitivity of the shoreline depends on the exposure of the spill. Floating oil makes the shoreline be at certain risks through sealing of the substrate with oil packs. Atlantic Empress oil spill resulted in the casing of the substrate at the very shoreline because of the huge spread. Difference in substrate among the various types of shorelines differed in their reaction to oiling processes. There was also a huge discrepancy on shoreline productivity. For example, all animals living on the shoreline were severely affected by the Atlantic Empress oil spill as opposed to Sea Spirit disaster (NOAA 2010, para 2). 3-5: Global reaction The world reaction to the two oil spills differed greatly with the Atlantic Empress oil spill facing a lot of criticism from other nations (Egawhary 2011, para 2). This is attributed to the volume and the area covered by the spillage. Tough measures were put in place by international community to ensure that the country that owned the consignment became totally answerable and responsible for the spillage. Such policies negatively affected the budget of U.S because a lot of money was used in the cleanup process. Sanctions also became the order of the day by other countries wanting the responsible parties to own up to their actions. The 1990 oil spill resulted in major sanctions being made in Spain’s oil industry. Also, losses became huge with economies of the country affected becoming fragile due to the expenditure. The economy of U.S became badly affected especially by the Atlantic Empress oil spill. Countries that depended on U.S for aid also became involved in the process and supported the country from criticism. There was increase in tension between countries that supported the U.S and those against. In contrary to this, little was heard about Spain in terms of global reaction regarding the 1990 oil spill. The difference comes out clearly here because of the perception that U.S was economically strong and it was suppose to address its problems single handedly (Egawhary 2011, para 2). 3-6: Prevention and control Main differences linking the two calamities also appear in terms of prevention and control. Atlantic Empress accident that occurred in year 1979 is illustrated by little technological practices in terms of cleanup and prevention. This is because of the poor technological skills that were available by then. Nearly all of the cleaning procedures were manual and took quite longer time to finish. Several devices employed in this particular incident were slow and time consuming. In contrary, the technology at disposal had significantly improved a little bit in 1990 during the resulting spill near Spain by Sea Spirit. The cleanup process of spill from Sea Spirit took a comparatively short time owing to the highly effective devices that were used. Sea Spirit oil spill cleaning process was also faster because the team that worked had much familiarity compared to the clean-up team that controlled the Atlantic Empress oil spill (ITOPF 2010, para 3). 3-7: Environmental effects There is a significant difference in environmental effects of the two accidents. The First accident which happened in 1979 which involved the Atlantic Empress covered a very big area causing massive environmental problem both to human and animal life. Aquatic species such as birds and fish became severely affected and most of them died because of pollution. Most of the terrestrial animals also died in huge numbers because they relied on sea food for their lives. The food chain was interrupted with animals that depended on sea food dying of hunger. Contrary to this, the accident that happened in 1990 had less negative impacts on the environment. This is because the oil spill did not spread over a large area and was also controlled easily (ITOPF 2010, para 5). Sea plants also became badly damaged by the Atlantic empress accident, whereas the 1990 collision had less negative effects on sea plants. Many scientists became attracted to the major incident and they managed to study intensively and came up with conclusions that greatly influenced the way of life of sea creatures. As a result of the first accident, policies were enacted to ensure that oil spillage in future is approached with a lot of caution. This is because of the double spillage that happened during the prevention process. It is clear that the Sea Spirit oil spill was controlled in a more professional way than the first one (ITOPF 2010, para 6). 4-0: Conclusion: Measures To deal With Oil Spills Oil spills are generally harmful to living things. Many sea and terrestrial species die in enormous numbers basically owing to unfortunate outcomes instigated by inevitable oil spills. If measures are not put in place to address this problem, the world risk losing very important species that could have otherwise contributed to biological diversity. From the debate above, it appears that oil spills have far-reaching effects including economic, recreational, and even social problems among the countries involved. Misinterpretation can possibly arise between the countries that are involved in the spill hence likely to result in wars. To reduce oil spills as a result of collision in future, numerous steps and measures need to be put in place. First, the governments should ensure that preventive mechanisms such as the ones mentioned above work well so that the spread is controlled. Oil companies should also endeavor to avail suitable training on tanker’s handler personnel. Incompete nt ship Captains can cause catastrophe that can potentially result in major oil spills. Handling of any oil spill cases in future can equally be addressed through continuous monitoring of ship movement in the sea. Stringent measures must instituted by modern oil firms to ensure that the ships ferrying oil across the sea are monitored by skilled individuals and provide information to captains about other approaching ships that are likely to cause collisions. Technology also plays a vital role in reduction of oil spills resulting from undue collision. Oil corporations should embrace the appropriate technologies that will ultimately lead to the reduction of oil spill cases in the sea during transportation. Such technologies include modern equipment used to detect approaching tankers or even ships that are likely to cause any crash and avoid such collisions. The captains of the tankers should be in a position to clearly see the approaching tankers using the binoculars or any device that can assist in seeing the approaching ship. Also, there should be intergovernmental treat ies that ensure good management and transportation of oil products. This will make sure that no one country is left alone to handle challenges related to oil spill, but rather assisted by the regimes that are deemed capable in terms of technology as well as finance in availing the necessary assistance. You can buy research papers online at . Our custom writing company with writing your research paper on Maritime and Environmental topics. High quality guaranteed!

Write about ( the maze runner ) movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write about ( the maze runner ) movie - Essay Example The movie depicts that initially boys are unaware about an experiment they were involved in. Such experiments are of interest to me as in my educational period I want to conduct a research on how people react when they are made part of an experiment without them knowing about the experiment. The movie depicts a girl named Teresa who is the only girl within the movie and her role in the movie is to help the boys in escaping the maze and attaining freedom. The girl has two important parts to play in the movie. First she is the one who has the antidote to help those who have been stung by the grievers and second she is the one to realize that they are a part of an experiment. If I would have been in her shoes in the movie, I would have never informed others about the antidote and saved it to help those who were crucial to help them in escaping the maze, instead of providing those individuals with the antidote who aimed at killing the protagonist. Secondly, I would have never informed th at we were in an experiment and would have allowed others to identify that they were in an experiment on their

Commentary (Economics HL) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Commentary (Economics HL) - Essay Example Sustainable consumption is what we deal with in this paper through an article. The selected article, â€Å"Towards Sustainable Household Consumption?† published by OECD in 2002 deals with the issue of sustainable consumption in OECD countries. It basically explains the trends and patterns of household consumption in OECD countries, the driving forces behind those trends and patterns, environmental impacts of household consumption patterns, different kinds of policies that could be taken for achieving sustainable consumption in OECD countries. For the current purpose, the focus is being placed on that portion of the article where it precisely explains the observable trends and patterns in the household consumption level in OECD countries, the driving forces or factors that shape those trends and patterns in the consumption level. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of household consumption patterns, particularly for the consumption of food, tourism related travel, energy, and water in OECD countries. As discussed in the article, there has been a steady increase in per capita private consumption over the last few decades, particularly in 1980s, and 1990s as suggested by the article. The per capita private consumption level has also been projected to follow the same trend up to 2020. As far as transport is considered, total motor vehicle stocks, motor vehicle kilometers, total global air traveling has all experienced significant growth and are projected to grow by huge amount in coming years. In case of food consu mption, the choice of diet and food habits have been going through various changes, e.g. there has been a shift towards consumption of more and more packaged and processed food. The OECD countries have also experienced significant increase in the use of energy. As shown in the article, in the period of 1973- 1995, the

A Study On The Sky X Devices

A Study On The Sky X Devices In todays worlds Connectivity is the most important thing. No matter where ever we are we need to keep ourselves connected with the world to keep ourselves updated. The world around us is changing at a rapid pace so if we dont keep up with it we would be left behind. One of the prime way by which we do this is internet. But there are places where Internet is not available. There are few places where due to terrestrial location or other reasons the internet availability is not possible or its prohibited. In todays world we feel like sharing whatever we can on the network, we share a lot of data on the network. We keep uploading the Videos on Youtube. We keep on adding our photo on the networking websites. Day by day our need for the bandwidth is increasing as our need to share and upload the data keeps on increasing. Here comes an option for this also its the communication using the satellites. The Geo-stationary satellite orbiting at an altitude of 36,000 kms can be used for this. Satellites can be used to carry our data traffic and they could be used to communicate with each other. But the problem with it was that the prevalent TCP protocol at that time did not have enough of technology advances to overcome the disadvantages of satellite communication as compared to its advantages. So the SKY-x technology was introduced, it provided a secure and fast way to transfer data through satellite. It was totally transparent to the users. In place of tcp protocol it used a new XTP protocol (Xpress Transport Protocol) .This new Protocol is optimize for the data transfer over Satellite. Problem with TCP: The data transfer using satellite is facing various problems like large latency rate and high Bit error rate with the Asymmetric design of the bandwidth of all satellite. Satellite is one of the best options in the upcoming days to communicate and transfer data. But there did not exist proper standards or Protocol for the transfer of the data. The currently used TCP Protocol was not optimized for the transfer of data over Satellite, due to which the High bandwidth provided by the Satellite mostly goes unused. This also reduces the throughput of the satellite transmission. So we were not able to fully utilize the benefits provided by the Satellite transmission. Where as the Satellite transmission was more prone to bit error caused due to the environmental changes. The TCP Protocol was designed so that they can give high performance and large throughput over local area network.TCP protocol had various feature for LPV6 which were specialized for the Optical fiber network. So network setup of Optical cables and using the TCP protocol were far more reliable and cheaper than transmission using TCP protocol over satellite. All the benefits which are incurred over the cable network by TCP Protocol are lost on the satellite transmission. TCP had a congestion avoidance algorithm/mechanism which were not suited for satellite transmission because satellite transmission had a long round trip. This long round trip was misinterpreted by the TCP as congestion and hence it reduces the transmission rate. This resulted in the wastage of the bandwidth provided by the Satellite transmission. Hence the Congestion avoidance algorithm used by the TCP is also a big problem in the Satellite transmission. The WINDOW SIZE Problem: The TCP protocol utilizes a sliding window mechanism to limit the total amount of data to be transfer over the network. When the window become full, the sender stops sending the data anymore until it receives the acknowledgment signal from the recevier.As the back channel speed is less on satellite using tcp protocol its very difficult to transfer data on satellite, So to avoid this TCP statically fix the size of window to 100 kb over the T1 satellite, which limits the total amount of bandwidth which we can use as compared to total provided by the satellite. Moreover many of the operating system uses a window size of 8 Kb which only provides us with a speed of 128 kbps per connection, which is very less as compared to bandwidth available over satellite. Thus window sizing mechanics reduces the transfer of the data over the Satellite. While the SK-x technology dose not use a fix window size of 8 Kb it uses the performance enhanced size of the window thus allowing us to fully utilize the bandwidth provided by the Satellite for the data which can be compressed SKY-x technology provides a better throughput rate than the simple cable network. Thus the SKY-x technology is much better than the TCP Protocol for the transfer of data over the satellite. SKY- x Technology: The SKY-x technology was developed by one of the worlds leaders in TCP/IP Protocol developer Mentat.The SKY-x technology Products replace the TCP protocol product to transfer data over Satellite. These Products are transparent to Users they behave the same way as the TCP Protocol product and they provide more security and Less Latency time while giving high throughput over satellite. It consists of SKY-x Gateway, SKY-x Client/Server, SKY-x OEM Products. The SKY-x gateway works in the same way as the TCP Gateway except that the Sky-x gateway intercepts the TCP signal and helps to convert it to the SKY-x protocol so that it can be used to transfer over the satellite. The SKY-x client are the same except that they need to be installed on the pcs of the local user to help them to connect using satellite. The SKY-x technology Protocol replaces the TCP Protocol used on Optical Fiber for the use on the satellite. Adding the SKY-x products into the network helps the user to efficiently use the full bandwidth provided by the satellite. The SKY-x products enhances the performance of the network transparently with out needing to change any thing over the client side or the server side. The SKY-x product increases the overall performance by thrice, while increases the files transfer by 10 to 100 times over the satellite. This product are enhanced version of the otherwise known TCP Performance enhancing (TCPPEP) Or the Satellite spoofer. The XTP protocol used was developed by the XTP forum a non profit organization. The SKY-x products divide the normal TCP connection into three different components: 1. The connection between the TCP client and the SKY-x gateway on the remote side of the network. 2. The Connection between two SKY-x gateway involving XTP protocol for the transfer of the data over the Satellite. 3. The Connection between the SKY-x Gateway and the TCP server on the other side of the network. Unicast versus Multicast: The fiber optic network used the unicast data transfer to send the data to all the clients it used to send the same copy of data to all the clients which a bit time consuming and waste a lot of bandwidth of the network. While the Unicast was not good for the satellite network. But the only multicast protocol available was UDP based. This UDP based protocol did not involve any method to detect the error in data transfer and to check the re-transmission of the data over the network. It even does not provide any mechanism to re-sequences the data packets sent over the network. This problem was overcome by the SKY-x multicast. It provides a reliable and secure way to multicast the data over the satellite. It provides fast efficient, reliable multicast file transfer. Any data that is lost or corrupted during the transmission is re-transmitted, providing transfer reliability rendering the special FEC software as a unnecessary thing. The SKY-x multicast fan out is an important part of the SKY-x Gateway. It transparently converts the TCP unicast data to the SKY-x multicast data. The SKY-x gateway can transfer the file to every remote location with just one multicast. As the SKY-x multicast is transparent to the user any device can transfer the data using the Multicast no matter whatever operating system it has without needing any special software. Below is a graph showing comparison between Unicast traffic and Multicast traffic: As shown in the graph Unicast transmission increases the traffic of the network considerably, whereas using multicast for the same no of users the traffic is 18th of the Unicast transmission. Thus the SKY-x technology also reduces the traffic over the high bandwidth Satellite Network. Thus SKY-x technology has overcome each and every Limitation of the TCP protocol hence providing us with an efficient way to connect using the Satellite. SPEED TCP versus SKY-x: The new technology used in the Sky-x products increases the performance as well as the speed of the network. The SKY-x products use a Fast start feature which enables it to establish new connection at a very fast speed. The HTTP Benchmark by the WEB Stone shows that for an 8 Mbps line having 50 simultaneous connections using a SKY-x gateway has an average response time of 0.7 to 1.1 sec which is much lowered as compared to the 3 sec time on a network using TCP protocol. Increased Throughput: The Sky-x Technology provides a high bandwidth even at a high bit error rate. It does so by compressing the data transmitted over the network. For a 10 Mbps satellite the TCP protocol is able to provide a small bandwidth of 1.5 Mbps while at an error rate of 1* 10-5 its bandwidth drops to as low as 0.03 Mbps. While on the other hand even at the above mentioned error rate the SKY-x products maintains a bandwidth of 5.8 Mbps when the data is not compressible, if the data is compressible it maintains a bandwidth of 15.1 Mbps. THE SKY-x Architecture: The SKY-x products or network have a SKY-x Gateway installed into the system. This gateway provided by the SKY-x helps to make the network transparent to the user, it transparently intercepts the TCP protocol transmitted by the user and convert it into the XTP (Xpress Transport Protocol) which is optimized for the Satellite transmission. Then on the other side it converts back the XTP protocol into the TCP protocol for the Server. So the client and the Server side in the Network remain unaware to all this translation. It requires no special change to be made on the part of the client or the Server in the Network, so all the applications the Program which were used previously keeps functioning on this network also. The XTP protocol also supports the TCP congestion avoidance algorithm to keep the terrestrial network stable and protected. The two Sky-x Gateway pass the data between each other as if there doesnt exists any intermediate link between client and the server. XTP protocol also provides a functionality called as Web pre-fetching. The Web Pre-fetch is used to fetch all the embedded objects in a web page whenever a client sends a request for even a simple html page. Then these embedded objects are made visible to the client as and when it is requested by the client thus avoiding the fetch time required for fetching it from the satellite. Thus the XTP protocol not only provides the security stability on the satellite network but it also considerably increases the speed of data transfer by using the Web Pre-fetch. XTP also provides an Accelerator which helps in speeding up the network traffic. It accelerates the XML and HTTP sessions, database synchronization as well as the transfer of the file Large or small between the client and the Server. Thus it helps in providing a better response time and throughput of the network. It also helps in speeding up the Database backups. It minimizes the re-transmission of data required due to error in it or due to the loss of data. Thus it also helps in the use of Satellite as a communication medium. SKY-x Products: Mentat was the first company to build a product having the sky-x technology. Mentat is leader in developing the products based on the TCP/IP protocol. Renowned Companies like Apple, IBM, Motorola, and Sony depend on the TCP/IP network software provided by Mentat. It launched various product named Mentat SKY-x XR10 Gateway. Mentat SKY-x XH45 Gateway. Mentat SKY-x XH155 Gateway. These products built by Mentat had the in built Accelerator to speed up the network traffic. The XR10 is designed to be used for the satellite which provides a link of 10 Mbps. Or it could also be used in combination with the other Mentat products like the XH45 which supports higher bandwidth links. The XH45 is designed for the satellite providing the link of 45 Mbps or it can also be used as a hub in a network having XR10 products. In the Same way Mentat also provides the SKY-x servers as SS10 SS45. The SKY-x SS10 server is used in the network having 10 Mbps links. While the SKY-x SS45 server is used in the network having the 45 Mbps links. Packeteer Mobiliti Technology: Packeteer is the Global Leader in Wan Application Optimization. In Todays World the users should be able to work from wherever there business demands. On the other hand the Companies should also provide their workers with the facility like LAN no matter wherever they are or they would be at a risk to lose many chances to carry out their business successfully. Packeteer came forward with a solution to this by integrating the SKY-x technology into its Mobility software. So the user can access the LAN from the remote location using there Desktops and Laptops. This Mobiliti software supports TCP file transfer automatic backup. It caches or saves the recently used document on the client side so as that the user can access them whenever needed even if the server is not available. This software is available in various languages like German, French, Chinese and Japanese. It also automatically configures the my document folder also provides and option to choose the location to store the recently used file by the user. Conclusion: Thus the new SKY-x technology is better than the TCP Protocol for Satellite transmission. The Sky-x Technology provides a large bandwidth as well as a fast data transfer on the satellite network. It has removed all the limitations which existed in the use of TCP for satellite transmission. Thus the SKY-x technology has opened a new horizon in the way we used to communicate with each other. Now we can use the Satellite as the medium of communication and remain connected with each other even at the most remote places on the earth. And this new SKY-x Technology also comes as a savior to us for our daily increasing bandwidth requirements. It provides a large bandwidth to transfer data on the network. Thus now we can connect to more places and also share more Data on the network.

Musical Links Investigation

Fred Kim Mr. Gillespie IB Music 12 April, 2011 Musical Links Investigation Music is a form of communication that varies distinctively among different countries just as each country has their own language. However, music does not only vary with region, but also with time period and the neighboring musical cultures. To investigate how two very distinct and different musical cultures can be connected through their musical qualities, I will compare the similarities and differences between romantic period and classical period music of flute.Moreover, I will focus on one instrument, flute, because I have great interest in it, and I have a lot of experience of studying and performing the instrument. In this investigation, I will focus on the compositional features found in the music such as form and structure, tone color, mood, and musical background. One of the most famous classical flute pieces is concerto in G major No. 1 K313 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Although it is widely known that flu te was Mozart’s least favorite instrument, the concerto is very beautifully written in terms of not only variety of texture and structure, but also the subtle changes in mood.The concerto is composed of three movements which each has distinct characteristics. The first movement is Allegro maestoso, second movement is Adagio ma non troppo and the last movement is Rondo: Tempo di Mennuetto. The orchestral part includes orchestral strings, two oboes, and two horns. This small size of orchestra play a significant role in emphasizing the soloist and shifting the mood and tempo of the music before the soloist comes in. The other piece that I will compare to the Concerto in G major by Mozart is Concerto in D op. 283 by Carl Reinecke.It is written in Romantic period and is composed of three movements. The first is Allegro Moderato, the second is Lento e Mesto, and the third movement is Moderato. This concerto was written right before Reinecke died. Therefore, the melody is more sensa tional and insightful compared to the flamboyant and joyful melodies that Mozart had created. The orchestral part includes all instruments with reduced size in each section. The first main similarity that I noticed comparing the two flute concertos from two different time period was their structure. Both concertos are composed of three movements.The first is both allegro, the second is both slow and the last movement is the finale for both concertos and is fast and graceful. Not only from the exterior point of view, when we look at the internal structure of the pieces from each movement, can we find many similarities. Both pieces start with introducing the main theme and melody and expand on it by adding variations from it. Later on, from both pieces, we can see that the melodic structure falls into under a minor chord creating a sad and solemn mood. After a little more variations on the melody and rhythm, both pieces come to a recapitulation.Both again introducing the main theme, d evelops into another set of variations on the melody and rhythm which are generally more complicating and higher in notes. Another interesting factor to compare is the freedom of style, ad-libs, and cadenzas. In general, Classical pieces are considered to be more confined in the way that soloists perform. They are usually rhythmically stricter than Romantic pieces. However, ad-libs, to a certain level, are allowed and are often added by famous players such as James Galway and Jean-Pierre Rampal.They add some grace notes, mordents, or trills that were not written on the score. By doing this, classical pieces provide some freedom in playing to a certain degree. Not only are that, in the Concerto in G by Mozart, there two cadenzas; One in first movement and the other in the third movement. This Cadenza gave performers the chance to reveal their real abilities in both technical and musical aspect. On the other hand, in Romantic Pieces, ad-libs are usually not allowed, which seems to giv e it less freedom.However, Romantic piece usually has more freedom of rhythm. Therefore, performers of the Reinecke Concerto usually express themselves by varying the rhythm. Moreover, in some songs, such as Chaminade Concertino and Mendelsshon Violin Concerto in E minor has cadenzas that are written already but gives the performers freedom to do whatever they want. Therefore, the two periods that I am comparing both give the performers a certain amount of freedom in playing but neither gives full freedom to play how ever they wish.By comparing the two different periods of western music, Classical and Romantic, I was able to realize how Romantic developed from Classical, evolving into more characteristic type of music. By comparing the m melodically, harmonically, structurally, and rhythmically, I was able to understand in depth how music periods of different time can have certain similarities and differences. Moreover, by only comparing the flute songs, I was more able to understan d how even though all â€Å"languages† seem different, they are all ways of communication and they do have similarities.

Formation of Psychology Essay

Many Philosophers majorly influenced the development of modern psychology in the nineteenth century. In this essay, I will begin by discussing three of the major eastern philosophers that contributed to the formation of psychology as a discipline. I will then discuss the development of psychology during the nineteenth century and the contributions made by these philosophers. Human behavior is a subject that has been thought about for centuries but was not properly recorded until scientific experimentation was performed. There were many major philosophers responsible for the  development of psychology but I will focus on John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. These philosophers are significant in the development of psychology as a discipline and without them; psychology would not be what it is today. John Locke, 1632-1704, was the founder of British Empiricism. He spent his life mainly as a lecturer and tutor, but also as a philosopher, politician, diplomat, and was also trained in medicine. Locke’s main belief was that upon birth, the mind is a blank slate and would be written upon one’s personal  experiences; meaning that you come into this life with no prior knowledge and everything you learn is what you have perceived in your time while living. Goodwin (2008) states that Locke believed that every idea we have comes from only two sources, sensation and reflection. Sensation refers to the way our mind processes information grasped through our sensation in a given environment while reflection refers to information we have processed with the use of our senses and our memory. Locke argued against the use of punishment in children; which makes a great deal of impact on  psychological behavior and a child’s willingness to act out. George Berkeley was born in Ireland and lived from the year 1685 to the year 1753. Throughout his years, he lived as a philosopher, deacon and missionary. His theories from the seventeenth century developed into Materialism in the nineteenth century. His work on vision was the first systematic example of how empiricist thinking could be applied to the study of perception. Berkeley made theories of how the perceptions of objects depend on experience and instead of us seeing things  straight on; we judge them on our experiences of distance and size. Berkeley poses a threat to the act of free will through determinism, which is the belief that something causes every event. Materialism is the theory that the only existing things are matter or energy; all things are made up of atoms and each event is the result of material interactions. Without Berkeley’s contributions to the development of materialism, psychology would not include the argument of perception. Each individual perceives each instance in a different way; an object I may judge as being a yard away  could be perceived as five yards away for another. David Hume was known for the development of the Rules of Association. He was born in Scotland, in the year 1711 and died in the year of 1776. Hume believed that all similar or simultaneous ideas are somehow associated with one another. He came up with three laws to support his theories: resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect. Goodwin (2008) summarized Hume as being known for making a distinction between impressions, which resulted from sensation, and ideas, which were faint copies of impressions. The development of psychology as a discipline was greatly impacted by David Hume, without his contributions to the Rules of Association modern day psychology would still be questioning the relationships of thoughts and patterns between one another. Hume’s contributions expanded through more theories outside of the Rules of Association and included sentimentalism, emotivism, ethical expressivism, non-cognitivism, and the error theory. The research and theories he provided played roles in the development in all of the fore listed theories making Hume a philosopher that played great impact in the development of psychology. The nineteenth century brought great advances in science in many areas from steel to electricity but also brought many advances in the science of psychology. In the nineteenth century, Charles Darwin’s theories developed into Darwinism. Sigmund Freud developed the theory of psychoanalysis, which compromised the idea of human beings having rationality and free will. The newly developed theories in the nineteenth century caused an uprising suggesting that we do not 1 / 2  know the universe, whereas, the prior sciences suggested a clear thinking, all-knowing world. The science of Psychology has slowly been in development since the fourth and fifth centuries. Although the science has grown dramatically since the beginning, it still relies on its roots of philosophy. Without the great impact of the world’s best philosophers, the science of psychology would not be what it is today. References: Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed. ). : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapters 1 & 2. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).